Palavras Essenciais
As palavras pequenas que fazem a diferença
Artigos
Articles — definite & indefinite
Every Portuguese noun has a gender (masculine or feminine) and a number (singular or plural). The article must always agree. There are 4 definite forms (the) and 4 indefinite forms (a/an/some).
Definite article — masculine singular
Used before masculine singular nouns. Contracts with prepositions a, de, em, and por.
O comboio chegou a horas.
The train arrived on time.
O livro está na mesa.
The book is on the table.
Onde fica o hospital?
Where is the hospital?
Dica
Masculine nouns: o livro, o carro, o homem, o pão. Watch for exceptions: o mapa, o clima, o dia — masculine despite not ending in -o.
Definite article — feminine singular
Used before feminine singular nouns. Contracts with prepositions a, de, em, and por.
A cidade é bonita.
The city is beautiful.
A professora chegou.
The teacher arrived.
Onde está a chave?
Where is the key?
Dica
Feminine nouns often end in -a, -dade, -ção, -gem: a mesa, a cidade, a situação, a viagem. But a mão (hand) and a flor (flower) break the pattern.
Definite article — masculine plural
Used before masculine plural nouns. Also functions as 3rd-person plural masculine object pronoun.
Os alunos estudam muito.
The students study a lot.
Os supermercados fecham cedo.
The supermarkets close early.
Comprei os bilhetes.
I bought the tickets.
Dica
os = masculine plural "the". Also note: "os" as object pronoun means "them (masc.)": Vejo-os todos os dias (I see them every day).
Definite article — feminine plural
Used before feminine plural nouns. Also functions as 3rd-person plural feminine object pronoun.
As lojas abrem às nove.
The shops open at nine.
As crianças estão a brincar.
The children are playing.
Peguei as chaves.
I took the keys.
Dica
"as" = feminine plural "the". As object pronoun: Encontrei-as no parque (I found them in the park). Context tells you which function it serves.
Indefinite article — masculine singular
Used when the noun is non-specific or being introduced for the first time.
Quero um café, por favor.
I want a coffee, please.
Há um autocarro às três.
There's a bus at three.
Encontrei um bilhete no chão.
I found a ticket on the floor.
Dica
Plural: uns (some/a few masculine). Also the number "one" — context distinguishes: Tenho um filho (I have one son / a son).
Indefinite article — feminine singular
Used before feminine singular nouns when non-specific.
Tenho uma reunião às duas.
I have a meeting at two.
É uma ideia excelente.
It's an excellent idea.
Há uma farmácia ali.
There's a pharmacy over there.
Dica
Plural: umas (some/a few feminine). In rapid speech, "uma" often sounds like just "ma" — don't be caught off guard.
Indefinite article — masculine plural
Indicates a small, unspecified number of masculine nouns. Softer than "alguns".
Trouxe uns documentos.
I brought some documents.
Esperei uns minutos.
I waited a few minutes.
Há uns problemas a resolver.
There are some problems to sort out.
Dica
"Uns" is the plural of "um". "Alguns" is more emphatic: uns amigos (some friends, casual) vs. alguns amigos (certain friends).
Indefinite article — feminine plural
Indicates a small, unspecified number of feminine nouns.
Comprei umas maçãs.
I bought some apples.
Fiz umas perguntas.
I asked a few questions.
Precisava de umas horas de descanso.
I needed a few hours of rest.
Dica
"Umas" pairs with feminine plural nouns. In speech it often blurs with "umas quantas" (quite a few).
Contrações de
de + article = do / da / dos / das…
The preposition "de" (of/from/about) always fuses with the article that follows it. Writing "de o" instead of "do" is a grammar error. Learn all 8 contracted forms.
Contraction: de + o
Mandatory fusion of "de" + "o". Used for possession, origin, material, topic — wherever "de" would precede a masculine singular noun with its definite article.
Sou do Porto.
I'm from Porto. (de + o Porto)
Gosto do bolo.
I like the cake. (de + o bolo)
O preço do bilhete é €12.
The ticket price is €12. (de + o bilhete)
Dica
You cannot write "de o" — it must always be "do". Same rule for all de+article contractions.
Contraction: de + a
Fusion of "de" + "a". Used before feminine singular nouns.
Sou da Lisboa.
I'm from Lisbon. (de + a Lisboa)
A porta da sala está aberta.
The living room door is open. (de + a sala)
Gosto da música portuguesa.
I like Portuguese music. (de + a música)
Dica
de + a = da. Sounds like "da" as in "daddy". A very high-frequency word — you will hear it dozens of times per day.
Contraction: de + os
Fusion of "de" + "os". Used before masculine plural nouns.
O sabor dos pastéis de nata é incrível.
The taste of the custard tarts is incredible.
Depende dos horários.
It depends on the timetables.
Gosto dos alunos desta turma.
I like this class's students.
Dica
de + os = dos. Pattern: do (sg) → dos (pl). Pronunciation: "doosh" in PT.
Contraction: de + as
Fusion of "de" + "as". Used before feminine plural nouns.
O fim das férias é sempre triste.
The end of the holidays is always sad.
Preciso das chaves.
I need the keys.
Gosto das noites de verão.
I like summer evenings.
Dica
de + as = das. Pattern: da (sg) → das (pl). Full definite table: do / da / dos / das.
Contraction: de + um
Fusion of "de" + "um". Used when "de" precedes an indefinite masculine singular noun. Common in speech; sometimes written as "de um" in formal writing.
É filho dum amigo meu.
He's the son of a friend of mine.
O cheiro dum bolo acabado de fazer é magnífico.
The smell of a freshly baked cake is wonderful.
Tenho a impressão dum engano.
I have the impression of a mistake.
Dica
"Dum" is the contracted spoken form. Formal writing often keeps "de um" separate. Both are correct.
Contraction: de + uma
Fusion of "de" + "uma". Used when "de" precedes an indefinite feminine singular noun.
É filha duma colega.
She's the daughter of a colleague.
Veio duma aldeia pequena.
He came from a small village.
É o resultado duma boa decisão.
It's the result of a good decision.
Dica
de + uma = duma. Indefinite table: dum / duma / duns / dumas.
Contraction: de + uns
Fusion of "de" + "uns". Less common but used in natural speech.
Falou duns problemas que teve.
He mentioned some problems he had.
Lembro-me duns momentos incríveis.
I remember some incredible moments.
Veio duns países muito diferentes.
He came from some very different countries.
Dica
Rare in writing but natural in speech. Often replaced by "de alguns" in formal contexts.
Contraction: de + umas
Fusion of "de" + "umas". Used in spoken Portuguese before feminine plural indefinite nouns.
Falou dumas ideias interessantes.
She talked about some interesting ideas.
Precisava dumas horas livres.
She needed some free hours.
Vim dumas reuniões longas.
I came from some long meetings.
Dica
Full indefinite contraction table for "de": dum / duma / duns / dumas.
Contrações em
em + article = no / na / nos / nas…
The preposition "em" (in/at/on) always fuses with any article that follows. "em o" is never written — it must be "no". Learn all 8 forms.
Contraction: em + o
Mandatory fusion of "em" + "o". Expresses location, time period, or state with masculine singular nouns.
Estou no trabalho.
I'm at work. (em + o trabalho)
Fica no terceiro andar.
It's on the third floor. (em + o andar)
No verão vai muito calor.
In summer it gets very hot. (em + o verão)
Dica
em + o = no. You cannot write "em o". Full definite table: no / na / nos / nas.
Contraction: em + a
Fusion of "em" + "a". Extremely frequent — used for location, time, and state with feminine singular nouns.
Moro na (em + a) Baixa.
I live in the Baixa district.
Está na cozinha.
She's in the kitchen.
Na segunda-feira há reunião.
On Monday there is a meeting.
Dica
em + a = na. One of the highest-frequency words in Portuguese. Cities starting with "a" use it: na Amadora, na Azambuja.
Contraction: em + os
Fusion of "em" + "os". Also exists as a 1st-person plural object pronoun — context tells which it is.
Nos anos 90 tudo era diferente.
In the 90s everything was different.
Nos corredores havia muita gente.
In the corridors there were many people.
Trabalha nos fins de semana.
He works at weekends.
Dica
em + os = nos (preposition + article). But "nos" also means "us/to us" as a pronoun: Ela deu-nos o troco (She gave us the change). Context is everything.
Contraction: em + as
Fusion of "em" + "as". Used for location and time with feminine plural nouns.
Nas férias fui ao Algarve.
During the holidays I went to the Algarve.
Há muita gente nas praias.
There are many people on the beaches.
Nas manhãs de inverno está frio.
On winter mornings it is cold.
Dica
em + as = nas. Full definite table: no / na / nos / nas.
Contraction: em + um
Fusion of "em" + "um". Used when you are inside or at an unspecified/indefinite masculine place or thing.
Moro num apartamento pequeno.
I live in a small apartment.
Estamos num momento difícil.
We're in a difficult moment.
Trabalho num hospital.
I work in a hospital.
Dica
em + um = num. Compare: no hospital (the hospital — specific) vs. num hospital (a hospital — unspecified).
Contraction: em + uma
Fusion of "em" + "uma". One of the most natural-sounding contractions in spoken Portuguese.
Vivo numa cidade pequena.
I live in a small city.
Estamos numa situação complicada.
We're in a complicated situation.
Trabalha numa escola.
She works in a school.
Dica
em + uma = numa. Very common in speech. "Numa" sounds smooth and natural — a sign you know your contractions.
Contraction: em + uns
Fusion of "em" + "uns". Used in natural speech, though rare in formal writing.
Pensei nuns problemas que tenho.
I thought about some problems I have.
Encontrei-me nuns amigos.
I ran into some friends.
Estava nuns documentos antigos.
It was in some old documents.
Dica
Rare but correct. Formal writing uses "em alguns" instead.
Contraction: em + umas
Fusion of "em" + "umas". Natural in speech.
Estive numas reuniões complicadas.
I was in some complicated meetings.
Pensei numas ideias novas.
I thought about some new ideas.
Encontrámos numas ruas lindas.
We found ourselves in some lovely streets.
Dica
Full indefinite contraction table for "em": num / numa / nuns / numas.
Contrações a
a + article = ao / à / aos / às
The preposition "a" (to/at) contracts with the definite article. The feminine forms add a grave accent (à, às) to distinguish them from the preposition alone. These 4 forms cover direction, time, and indirect objects.
Contraction: a + o
Fusion of preposition "a" + masculine definite article "o". Used for direction (going to), time (at the…), and indirect objects with masculine singular nouns.
Vou ao supermercado.
I'm going to the supermarket.
Chego ao fim da tarde.
I arrive at the end of the afternoon.
Dei o recado ao porteiro.
I gave the message to the porter.
Dica
a + o = ao. "Vou ao banco" (going to the bank — intending to return). Contrast: "Vou para o banco" (going to the bank — staying/working there).
Contraction: a + a
Fusion of preposition "a" + feminine definite article "a". The grave accent is crucial — it distinguishes this contracted form from the standalone preposition "a".
Vou à farmácia.
I'm going to the pharmacy.
Chego à meia-noite.
I arrive at midnight.
Dei a carta à vizinha.
I gave the letter to the neighbour.
Dica
"À" always has the grave accent (à). Without it, "a" is just the preposition or the article. The accent is the only visual clue that two words have merged.
Contraction: a + os
Fusion of "a" + "os". Used for direction, time expressions (especially days of the week), and indirect objects with masculine plural nouns.
Vou ao ginásio aos sábados.
I go to the gym on Saturdays.
Distribui os folhetos aos clientes.
I handed the leaflets to the customers.
Chegámos aos Açores de manhã.
We arrived in the Azores in the morning.
Dica
Days of the week: aos segundas-feiras (on Mondays), aos fins de semana (at weekends). This "aos" is one of the most common time expressions.
Contraction: a + as
Fusion of "a" + "as". Extremely common in time expressions — telling the time always uses "às".
O comboio parte às oito.
The train leaves at eight.
Às sextas-feiras saio cedo.
On Fridays I leave early.
Dei os documentos às secretárias.
I gave the documents to the secretaries.
Dica
Telling the time: São duas horas. Chego às duas (I arrive at two). Exception: à uma (at one — singular). "Às" is the form you use for all other hours.
Contrações por
por + article = pelo / pela / pelos / pelas
The preposition "por" (by/through/because of/per) contracts with all four definite articles. These forms are extremely common in passive voice, in thanks expressions, and for routes.
Contraction: por + o
Fusion of "por" + "o". Used for route/movement through, agent in passive voice, reason, exchange, and gratitude with masculine singular nouns.
Obrigado pelo jantar!
Thank you for the dinner! (por + o jantar)
Passei pelo parque.
I walked through the park. (por + o parque)
O projeto foi aprovado pelo director.
The project was approved by the director.
Dica
por + o = pelo. In passive voice "pelo/pela" identifies the agent: O bolo foi feito pela avó (by the grandmother).
Contraction: por + a
Fusion of "por" + "a". Same meanings as "pelo" but with feminine singular nouns.
Obrigada pela ajuda!
Thank you for the help! (por + a ajuda)
Passei pela farmácia.
I passed by the pharmacy.
A decisão foi tomada pela diretora.
The decision was made by the director (f.).
Dica
por + a = pela. "Obrigado/a pelo/pela" is the full thanks construction — match the gender of what you are thanking them for.
Contraction: por + os
Fusion of "por" + "os". Used for routes through multiple masculine places or agents in passive constructions.
Obrigado pelos conselhos.
Thank you for the advice.
O corredor passa pelos escritórios.
The corridor passes through the offices.
Foi reconhecido pelos colegas.
He was recognised by his colleagues.
Dica
por + os = pelos. Pattern: pelo (sg) → pelos (pl).
Contraction: por + as
Fusion of "por" + "as". Used for routes through multiple feminine places or agents.
Obrigado pelas flores!
Thank you for the flowers!
Caminhei pelas ruas da Baixa.
I walked through the streets of Baixa.
As obras foram financiadas pelas autarquias.
The works were financed by the municipalities.
Dica
Full "por" table: pelo / pela / pelos / pelas. No indefinite contractions exist for "por" — por um, por uma stay separate.
Preposições
Prepositions
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words. Many are simple one-word links; others contract with articles. Mastering these unlocks natural-sounding Portuguese.
Preposition
Shows possession, origin, material, topic, or cause. Contracts with all articles: do, da, dos, das, dum, duma, duns, dumas.
Sou do Porto.
I'm from Porto.
Um copo de água, por favor.
A glass of water, please.
Ela falou de ti.
She spoke about you.
Dica
"De" covers possession (o livro de Ana), origin (sou de Lisboa), material (copo de vidro), and topic (falar de política). Very versatile.
Preposition
Shows location or time. Contracts with all articles: no, na, nos, nas, num, numa, nuns, numas.
Estou em Lisboa.
I'm in Lisbon.
Fica no terceiro andar.
It's on the third floor.
Chegam em Janeiro.
They arrive in January.
Dica
Use "em" for months and years (em Janeiro, em 2024), and for being inside places (em casa, em Portugal). Contracts with articles except when the place has no article.
Preposition
Direction (going and returning), time of day, distance, and indirect objects. Contracts: ao, à, aos, às.
Vou ao cinema.
I'm going to the cinema.
Chego às oito.
I arrive at eight.
Dei o livro à professora.
I gave the book to the teacher.
Dica
"A" for temporary trips (vou ao banco — going and coming back). "Para" for permanent destination (vou para os EUA — emigrating). This distinction is key.
Preposition
Destination (final, one-way), purpose, recipient, or goal. Does not contract with articles.
Vou para casa.
I'm going home (for the night / to stay).
Este livro é para ti.
This book is for you.
Estudo para aprender.
I study in order to learn.
Dica
"Para" signals finality or purpose. "Fui para Lisboa" means I moved there. "Fui a Lisboa" means I visited. Never contracts with articles.
Preposition
Cause, exchange, agent in passive voice, route, duration, gratitude. Contracts: pelo, pela, pelos, pelas.
Obrigado pelo jantar.
Thanks for the dinner.
Passei pela farmácia.
I passed by the pharmacy.
Trabalho dez horas por dia.
I work ten hours per day.
Dica
"Por" vs "para": Comprei por €10 (I paid €10 — exchange). Comprei para a Ana (I bought it for Ana — recipient).
Preposition
Accompaniment, means, or manner. Fuses with pronouns to form special forms.
Vem comigo!
Come with me!
Café com leite, por favor.
Coffee with milk, please.
Fala com calma.
Speak calmly.
Dica
Fused pronoun forms: comigo (with me), contigo (with you), consigo (with him/her/formal you), connosco (with us), convosco (with you all).
Preposition
Absence or lack. The opposite of "com". Does not contract with articles.
Um café sem açúcar, por favor.
A coffee without sugar, please.
Saiu sem dizer nada.
She left without saying anything.
Não consigo viver sem música.
I can't live without music.
Dica
"Sem" + infinitive = without doing: saiu sem pagar (left without paying). Very natural construction in Portuguese.
Preposition
Topic (about/regarding) and physical position (on top of). Formal equivalent of "de" when meaning "about".
Lemos um livro sobre Portugal.
We read a book about Portugal.
Há uma mensagem sobre a mesa.
There's a message on the table.
Falou sobre a situação actual.
He spoke about the current situation.
Dica
Topic: falar sobre (to talk about) is slightly more formal than falar de. Physical position: sobre/em cima de both mean "on top of".
Preposition
Position or relationship between two or more things/people.
A farmácia fica entre o banco e o café.
The pharmacy is between the bank and the café.
Entre nós, está mal feito.
Between us, it was done badly.
Escolheu entre as duas opções.
He chose between the two options.
Dica
"Entre nós" (between us) is a common way to flag a secret or frank opinion — very useful in conversation.
Preposition / adverb
Time limit (until), spatial limit (up to / as far as), or surprising inclusion (even).
Fico até às seis.
I'm staying until six.
Andámos até à estação.
We walked as far as the station.
Até ele veio!
Even he came!
Dica
"Até" meaning "even" is very common in speech: Até eu consigo fazer isso! (Even I can do that!). The emphatic usage surprises many learners.
Preposition
Starting point in time or space, continuing to now.
Moro aqui desde 2015.
I have lived here since 2015.
Desde Lisboa até ao Porto são cerca de 3 horas.
From Lisbon to Porto it is about 3 hours.
Não o vejo desde a semana passada.
I haven't seen him since last week.
Dica
"Desde … até" = from … to (time or space): Trabalho desde as 9 até às 18 (I work from 9 to 6).
Pronomes Sujeito
Subject pronouns — I, you, he…
Subject pronouns identify who performs the action. In European Portuguese they are often dropped because the verb ending already carries this information — but knowing them is essential for emphasis and clarity.
1st person singular subject pronoun
Identifies the speaker as the subject. Often dropped in normal speech because the verb ending -o/-ei already indicates 1st person.
Eu é que paguei.
I was the one who paid. (emphatic)
Falo português.
I speak Portuguese. (eu dropped)
Entre mim e ti, prefiro eu.
Between me and you, I prefer (myself).
Dica
After prepositions "eu" becomes "mim": para mim (for me), de mim (about me). Exception: comigo (with me).
2nd person singular subject pronoun
Informal "you" — used with friends, family, children, and peers. Standard in Portugal. Verb ending: -as/-es.
Tu sabes onde fica?
Do you know where it is?
Podes ajudar-me?
Can you help me?
O que é que tu queres?
What do you want?
Dica
"Tu" is the default informal address in Portugal. In Brazil "você" is used instead. Using "tu" marks you as European PT — a good thing!
2nd person singular subject pronoun (formal)
Formal or neutral "you" in Portugal. Uses 3rd person verb forms. More common in Brazil as everyday informal; in PT it is more distanced/formal.
Você tem reserva?
Do you have a reservation? (formal)
Posso ajudá-lo/la?
Can I help you? (formal, to a customer)
O que você prefere?
What do you prefer?
Dica
In Portugal, "você" takes 3rd person verb forms (like ele/ela). It is polite but not as warm as "tu". Salespeople and service staff often use it.
3rd person singular subject pronoun
Refers to people, animals, or things. "Ele" for masculine, "ela" for feminine. Inanimate objects also have gender in Portuguese.
Ele trabalha no Porto.
He works in Porto.
Ela ainda não chegou.
She hasn't arrived yet.
O livro? Ele está na mesa.
The book? It is on the table.
Dica
Portuguese objects have gender — o livro is "ele", a mesa is "ela". Native speakers refer to objects as he/she, not "it".
1st person plural subject pronoun
Formal/written "we". In spoken European Portuguese, "a gente" (literally "the people") has largely replaced "nós" in informal speech.
Nós vivemos em Lisboa.
We live in Lisbon. (formal)
A gente vai jantar fora.
We're going out for dinner. (spoken)
Nós é que decidimos.
We are the ones who decide. (emphatic)
Dica
"A gente" takes 3rd person singular verb: a gente vai (not vamos). This is standard in spoken PT — essential to understand and use.
2nd person plural subject pronoun
The standard plural "you" in modern European Portuguese. Uses 3rd person plural verb forms. "Vós" is archaic — almost never used in speech.
Vocês já comeram?
Have you (all) already eaten?
O que é que vocês querem?
What do you all want?
Vocês são de onde?
Where are you all from?
Dica
"Vocês" uses 3rd person plural (same as eles/elas): vocês falam (not falais). "Vós" with -eis/-is endings is only seen in religious or literary texts.
3rd person plural subject pronoun
"Eles" for all-male or mixed groups. "Elas" for all-female groups. Uses 3rd person plural verb forms.
Eles chegaram tarde.
They arrived late. (masc. or mixed)
Elas ficaram em casa.
They stayed home. (all female)
Eles já sabem da notícia.
They already know the news.
Dica
Even one man in a group of women switches "elas" to "eles". Default to "eles" when the gender is unknown or mixed.
Pronomes Objeto
Object pronouns — me, te, o, lhe…
Object pronouns replace nouns that receive the action (direct: "him/her/it") or benefit from it (indirect: "to him/her"). European Portuguese has strict rules about where these pronouns sit relative to the verb.
1st person singular direct/indirect/reflexive object pronoun
Direct object (sees me), indirect object (gives me), or reflexive (I do it to myself). In PT, usually placed after the verb with a hyphen in affirmative sentences.
Ele viu-me ontem.
He saw me yesterday.
Podes dar-me o sal?
Can you give me the salt?
Levantei-me às sete.
I got up at seven.
Dica
European PT: affirmative → verb-me (deu-me). Negative → não me deu. After conjunctions like que/se: Disse que me ligava. Never start a sentence with a pronoun in PT.
2nd person singular direct/indirect/reflexive object pronoun
Corresponds to "tu". Replaces a direct or indirect object that is the person you are addressing informally.
Eu vi-te no mercado.
I saw you at the market.
Quero dizer-te uma coisa.
I want to tell you something.
Estás a enganar-te.
You're fooling yourself.
Dica
"Te" is the object form of "tu". If you're using "você" instead, the object pronoun becomes "o/a" or "lhe" depending on direct/indirect.
3rd person singular direct object pronoun
"O" for masculine, "a" for feminine. Replaces a specific person or thing that is the direct object. These match the gender of the noun replaced.
Vi o João? Não o vi.
Did you see João? I didn't see him.
Onde está a Ana? Não a vejo.
Where's Ana? I can't see her.
O livro? Emprestei-o ao Pedro.
The book? I lent it to Pedro.
Dica
After -r, -s, or -z verb endings, these become -lo/-la (comê-lo, vê-la). After nasal endings they become -no/-na (deram-no). This mutation is unique to European PT.
3rd person singular indirect object pronoun
Replaces an indirect object (to/for someone). Gender-neutral — "lhe" works for both masculine and feminine.
Dei-lhe o recado.
I gave him/her the message.
Podes dizer-lhe que espere?
Can you tell him/her to wait?
Telefonei-lhe ontem.
I called him/her yesterday.
Dica
"Lhe" = indirect (to him/her). "O/A" = direct (him/her). Telefonei-lhe (I called to him — indirect). Vi-o (I saw him — direct). Many learners mix these up.
1st person plural direct/indirect/reflexive object pronoun
Replaces "nós" as an object. Also the contraction of "em + os" — context distinguishes the two uses.
Ele viu-nos na estação.
He saw us at the station.
Podem dar-nos informações?
Can you give us some information?
Sentámo-nos à janela.
We sat down by the window.
Dica
"Nos" as pronoun (object of nós) vs "nos" as contraction (em + os). Compare: Encontrámo-nos (we met each other) vs. Nos últimos anos (in recent years).
3rd person plural direct object pronoun
"Os" for masculine/mixed groups, "as" for feminine groups. Replaces a plural direct object.
Os documentos? Já os entreguei.
The documents? I've already handed them in.
As chaves? Não as encontro.
The keys? I can't find them.
Conheço-os bem.
I know them well.
Dica
Same mutation rules as o/a: after -r → los/las (entregá-los), after nasal → nos/nas (deram-nos). Also: "os/as" as definite articles vs pronouns — position in sentence tells which.
3rd person plural indirect object pronoun
Plural of "lhe". Replaces an indirect object referring to multiple people. Gender-neutral.
Dei-lhes as instruções.
I gave them the instructions.
Podes dizer-lhes que a reunião é amanhã?
Can you tell them that the meeting is tomorrow?
Expliquei-lhes o problema.
I explained the problem to them.
Dica
"Lhes" = indirect plural. "Os/As" = direct plural. Test: can you replace it with "to them"? If yes, use "lhes". If not, use "os/as".
3rd person reflexive/reciprocal pronoun
Used when the subject and object are the same person (reflexive) or when two subjects act on each other (reciprocal). Also marks impersonal/passive constructions.
Ela penteou-se de manhã.
She combed her hair in the morning.
Eles cumprimentaram-se.
They greeted each other.
Vende-se apartamento.
Apartment for sale. (impersonal passive)
Dica
"Se" as a passive/impersonal marker (vende-se, aluga-se, faz-se) is extremely common in Portuguese signs and notices. Very different from the conjunction "se" (if).
Demonstrativos
This / that / those — este, esse, aquele…
Portuguese has three levels of distance for demonstratives: este (near speaker), esse (near listener or vague), aquele (far from both). Each has masculine, feminine, and neuter forms.
Demonstrative — proximity to speaker. este (m), esta (f), isto (neuter)
"Este/esta" replace nouns (agree in gender/number). "Isto" is neuter — used when the gender is unknown, for abstract ideas, or to refer to a whole situation.
Este café é excelente.
This coffee is excellent.
Esta rua é muito animada.
This street is very lively.
Isto é inacreditável!
This is unbelievable!
Dica
"Isto" never has a noun after it — it stands alone for things/situations. "Este/esta" come before or after a noun they replace.
Demonstrative plural — proximity to speaker. estes (m pl), estas (f pl)
Plural forms of este/esta. Used when referring to multiple things near the speaker.
Estes documentos são urgentes.
These documents are urgent.
Gosto destas flores.
I like these flowers. (de + estas)
Estes dias têm sido difíceis.
These days have been difficult.
Dica
Note "destas" = de + estas and "nestas" = em + estas. Demonstratives contract with de and em.
Demonstrative — proximity to listener. esse (m), essa (f), isso (neuter)
Refers to something near the listener, already mentioned, or somewhat vague/distanced. "Isso" is the neuter form for situations or unknown things.
Esse livro que tens é bom?
Is that book you have good?
Essa ideia não me convence.
That idea doesn't convince me.
Isso é verdade.
That is true.
Dica
"Isso" is the "so-so" distance — it also dismisses or distances: "Isso não interessa" (That's not relevant/I don't care about that). Very colloquial.
Demonstrative plural — proximity to listener. esses (m pl), essas (f pl)
Plural of esse/essa. Refers to multiple things near the listener or previously mentioned.
Podes passar-me esses papéis?
Can you pass me those papers?
Não gosto dessas conversas.
I don't like those conversations. (de + essas)
Esses preços estão errados.
Those prices are wrong.
Dica
"Desses/dessas" = de + esses/essas. "Nesses/nessas" = em + esses/essas. All demonstratives contract with de and em.
Demonstrative — distance from both speaker and listener. aquele (m), aquela (f), aquilo (neuter)
Refers to something physically distant from both people, or to the remote past. "Aquilo" is neuter for distant or abstract things.
Aquele edifício ali é o museu.
That building there is the museum.
Aquela época foi muito boa.
That era was very good.
Aquilo que aconteceu foi grave.
What happened was serious.
Dica
Contracts too: daquele/daquela (de + aquele/aquela), naquele/naquela (em + aquele/aquela). "Naquele tempo" (in those times / back then) is very common.
Demonstrative plural — distance. aqueles (m pl), aquelas (f pl)
Plural forms of aquele/aquela. Refers to distant or past-referenced multiple things.
Aqueles anos foram os melhores.
Those years were the best.
Lembro-me daquelas noites de verão.
I remember those summer nights. (de + aquelas)
Aqueles problemas já foram resolvidos.
Those problems have already been resolved.
Dica
Full distance system: este (here) → esse (there, near you) → aquele (over there). European Portuguese uses all three distinctions actively.
Interrogativos
Question words — who, what, where…
Question words introduce direct and indirect questions. Several have written distinctions (que vs. quê, porque vs. porquê) that are important in European Portuguese.
Interrogative / relative pronoun / conjunction
The most versatile word in Portuguese. In questions: what. As relative: that/which/who. As conjunction: that. Almost never dropped unlike English "that".
Que horas são?
What time is it?
O livro que comprei é ótimo.
The book that I bought is great.
Acho que tens razão.
I think (that) you're right.
Dica
Stressed "quê" (with accent) is used in isolation or at end of sentence: Quê? (What?) / Não sei quê (I don't know what). "Que" (no accent) is always part of a sentence.
Interrogative / relative pronoun (always refers to people)
Used only for people. In questions and relative clauses. After prepositions: de quem (whose/of whom), para quem (for whom), com quem (with whom).
Quem é aquela pessoa?
Who is that person?
De quem é este casaco?
Whose coat is this?
A pessoa com quem falei era simpática.
The person I spoke with was kind.
Dica
"De quem" = whose. A very common question in daily life. Unlike English, Portuguese does not drop the preposition to the end: de quem, not "quem...de".
Interrogative pronoun — singular / plural
Implies a choice from a defined set. Use "qual" instead of "que" before the verb "ser" in most cases.
Qual é o teu número?
What is your number? (which one)
Qual preferes?
Which do you prefer?
Quais são os teus planos?
What are your plans?
Dica
"Qual é o teu nome?" (not "que é…") — before "ser" + noun/pronoun, use "qual". "Que" before "ser" + adjective: Que bonito! (How beautiful!).
Interrogative adverb / conjunction / preposition
Asks about manner or state. Also used in comparisons (como = as/like) and in surprised reactions.
Como estás?
How are you?
Como te chamas?
What's your name? (How do you call yourself?)
Faz como eu.
Do as I do.
Dica
"Como" in surprise: Como?! / Como assim? (What do you mean? / What?!). "Como se chama?" is the polite/formal version of asking someone's name.
Interrogative / relative adverb of place
Location questions and relative clauses of place. "Aonde" (to where) is used for movement towards a place.
Onde fica o museu?
Where is the museum?
Não sei onde estão as chaves.
I don't know where the keys are.
Aonde vais?
Where are you going (to)?
Dica
"Onde" = where (location). "Aonde" = where to (direction). In speech "onde" is used for both. "De onde" = where from: De onde és? (Where are you from?).
Interrogative / subordinating conjunction of time
Time questions and time clauses. As a conjunction in time clauses, triggers the future subjunctive.
Quando chega o comboio?
When does the train arrive?
Não sei quando vou.
I don't know when I'm going.
Quando chegares, liga-me.
When you arrive, call me. (future subjunctive)
Dica
"Quando" + future subjunctive is a key Portuguese grammar pattern: Quando tiver tempo (when I have time). Different from English which uses simple present.
Interrogative adjective/pronoun — agrees with noun in gender and number
"Quanto" (m), "quanta" (f), "quantos/quantas" (pl). Asks about quantity. Agrees with the noun it modifies.
Quanto custa?
How much does it cost?
Quanta água bebes por dia?
How much water do you drink per day?
Quantos anos tens?
How old are you? (How many years do you have?)
Dica
"Quantos anos tens?" (literally how many years do you have?) is how age is asked in Portuguese — you have years, not are years old.
Interrogative adverb — used alone or at end of sentence
The accented "porquê" is used as a standalone question or at the end of a sentence. "Porque" (no accent) is the conjunction meaning "because". "Por que" (two words) appears in indirect questions and formal writing.
Porquê?
Why?
Não percebes porquê?
Don't you understand why?
Não fui porque estava doente.
I didn't go because I was ill. (conjunction)
Dica
Three forms: "Porquê?" (standalone why) / "porque" (because — conjunction) / "por que" (for which reason — formal). This distinction is tested in every PT language exam.
Conjunções
Conjunctions — and, but, because…
Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinating conjunctions link equal elements; subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and often trigger the subjunctive mood.
Coordinating conjunction (additive)
Joins two elements of the same type. Never omitted in lists like it sometimes is in English.
Gosto de pão e queijo.
I like bread and cheese.
Ela canta e ele toca guitarra.
She sings and he plays guitar.
Fui ao mercado e comprei fruta.
I went to the market and bought fruit.
Dica
Before words starting with vowel sounds, "e" can sometimes be reduced in rapid speech. Grammatically, it is always present.
Coordinating conjunction (adversative)
Shows contrast or exception between two ideas.
Quero ir, mas estou cansado.
I want to go, but I'm tired.
É caro mas vale a pena.
It's expensive but worth it.
Tentei, mas não consegui.
I tried, but I couldn't manage.
Dica
"Porém", "contudo", and "todavia" are formal synonyms. In speech "mas" can open a sentence for emphasis: Mas que fixe! (But how cool!).
Coordinating conjunction (alternative)
Presents alternatives. Doubled as "ou…ou…" for either…or…
Preferes chá ou café?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
Ou vens ou não vens.
Either you come or you don't.
Um ou dois dias chegam.
One or two days is enough.
Dica
"Ou...ou..." = either...or... "Nem...nem..." = neither...nor...
Subordinating conjunction / relative pronoun
Introduces subordinate and relative clauses. Almost never dropped, unlike English "that".
Acho que tens razão.
I think (that) you're right.
O livro que comprei é ótimo.
The book (that) I bought is great.
É importante que estudes.
It's important that you study. (subjunctive)
Dica
After impersonal expressions (é importante, é possível, é bom) "que" triggers the subjunctive: É bom que venhas (It's good that you come).
Subordinating conjunction (causal)
Answers "Porquê?" (Why?). Always one word, never accented when it means "because".
Fiquei em casa porque estava a chover.
I stayed home because it was raining.
Gosto de Lisboa porque é bonita.
I like Lisbon because it's beautiful.
Não fui porque estava doente.
I didn't go because I was ill.
Dica
"Porque" (one word, no accent) = because. "Porquê" (accent) = why (standalone). "Por que" (two words) = for which reason (formal). Three forms, three uses.
Subordinating conjunction (conditional / indirect question)
Introduces conditions and indirect yes/no questions. Also exists as a reflexive pronoun — context distinguishes.
Se tiveres tempo, liga-me.
If you have time, call me.
Não sei se vou conseguir.
I don't know if I'll manage.
Se chover, ficamos em casa.
If it rains, we stay home.
Dica
"Se" in future conditions triggers the present subjunctive: se tiveres (not se tens). This is one of the most important subjunctive triggers in everyday speech.
Subordinating conjunction of time
Introduces time clauses. Future time clauses trigger the future subjunctive — a very common and important pattern.
Quando chegar, avisa-me.
When you arrive, let me know. (future subjunctive)
Quando era criança, morava no Porto.
When I was a child, I lived in Porto. (imperfect)
Quando terminar, podemos sair.
When it's finished, we can leave.
Dica
"Quando" + future subjunctive for future events. "Quando" + imperfect for past habits. Never "quando" + future indicative (unlike English "when I will go").
Subordinating conjunction (concessive) — always triggers subjunctive
Introduces a concession. Always followed by the subjunctive mood — no exceptions.
Fui trabalhar embora estivesse doente.
I went to work even though I was ill.
Embora seja caro, vale a pena.
Although it's expensive, it's worth it.
Gosta dela embora ela seja difícil.
He likes her although she is difficult.
Dica
"Embora" ALWAYS takes subjunctive. "Embora seja" (not "embora é"). This is a guaranteed subjunctive trigger. Also: "embora" alone means "go away / goodbye" in some phrases.
Coordinating conjunction (conclusive)
Draws a logical conclusion or consequence from what was just said.
Está frio, portanto veste o casaco.
It's cold, so put on your coat.
Não há bilhetes, portanto não vamos.
There are no tickets, so we're not going.
Portanto, está decidido.
Therefore, it's decided.
Dica
"Portanto" is a very common conversational word in Portugal — often used as a filler/conclusion marker mid-sentence.
Subordinating conjunction of time / contrast
Simultaneous actions (while) or duration (as long as). Can also show contrast (whereas).
Ouvi música enquanto trabalhava.
I listened to music while I worked.
Enquanto houver esperança, vale a pena tentar.
As long as there is hope, it is worth trying.
Ela estuda, enquanto ele vê televisão.
She studies, whereas he watches TV.
Dica
"Enquanto" + imperfect = while (past). "Enquanto" + present/subjunctive = as long as. Duration use triggers subjunctive.
Advérbios
Adverbs — time, degree, frequency…
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They are invariable — they never change for gender or number. Time, degree, frequency, and manner adverbs cover the most essential daily needs.
Temporal adverb
One of the most versatile words. Meaning shifts with context: already (past), right now (present), yet (question), soon (future).
Já comi.
I already ate.
Já vou!
I'm coming! / Right away!
Já não trabalho lá.
I no longer work there.
Dica
"Já não" = no longer. "Ainda não" = not yet. These two are opposites and both extremely common.
Temporal adverb
Continuation (still), pending action (not yet), or intensification (even).
Ainda estou a comer.
I'm still eating.
Ainda não chegou.
He hasn't arrived yet.
Isto é ainda melhor.
This is even better.
Dica
"Ainda" vs "já não": Ainda trabalha lá (still works there) / Já não trabalha lá (no longer works there).
Temporal adverb
The present moment. Also used to introduce a contrasting thought (now/but now).
Estou ocupado agora.
I'm busy now.
Agora percebo.
Now I understand.
Agora, isso já é diferente.
Now, that's different.
Dica
"Agora" as a discourse marker signals a shift or contrast: Gosto de viajar. Agora, não tenho dinheiro (I like travelling. That said, I have no money).
Temporal adverb / logical connector
In time: shortly/later (not immediate). As logic: therefore (from the Latin root). In fixed phrases: logo a seguir (right after), logo que (as soon as).
Voljo logo.
I'll be back soon / shortly.
Penso, logo existo.
I think, therefore I exist.
Logo a seguir, virou à esquerda.
Right after, he turned left.
Dica
"Logo" ≠ "agora" (now). "Logo" = a bit later/soon. "Já" = right now/immediately. Getting these three right sounds very natural.
Temporal adverb
The current day. Part of many fixed expressions.
Hoje está muito calor.
It's very hot today.
Hoje em dia tudo é digital.
Nowadays everything is digital.
Hoje não posso, desculpa.
I can't today, sorry.
Dica
"Hoje em dia" (nowadays/these days) is a very common set phrase. "Hoje à noite" (tonight). "De hoje para amanhã" (overnight / from one day to the next).
Temporal adverb
The previous day. Fixed: ontem à noite (last night), ontem de manhã (yesterday morning).
Ontem fui ao cinema.
Yesterday I went to the cinema.
Ontem à noite choveu muito.
Last night it rained a lot.
Isto não é de ontem.
This isn't new. (literally: this isn't from yesterday)
Dica
"Não é de ontem" is an idiom meaning "it's not new / it's been around a long time".
Temporal adverb
The next day. Part of common time expressions.
Amanhã tenho consulta.
I have a doctor's appointment tomorrow.
Até amanhã!
See you tomorrow!
Amanhã cedo tenho reunião.
I have a meeting early tomorrow.
Dica
"Amanhã de manhã" (tomorrow morning). "Depois de amanhã" (the day after tomorrow). "Adiar para amanhã" = to put off until tomorrow.
Adverb of place
Location near the speaker. Part of a 3-level distance system: aqui (here) / aí (there near you) / ali or lá (over there).
Fica aqui comigo.
Stay here with me.
Ponha aqui, por favor.
Put it here, please.
Aqui em Lisboa é diferente.
Here in Lisbon it's different.
Dica
"Aqui" (near me) / "aí" (near you) / "ali" (over there, visible) / "lá" (far away, not visible). Getting this system right is a hallmark of fluent PT.
Adverb of place — aí (near listener), ali (visible distance), lá (far/vague)
"Aí" = near you (the listener). "Ali" = over there but visible/close. "Lá" = far away, not immediately visible, or vague.
Está aí o meu casaco?
Is my coat there (near you)?
A farmácia é ali, à esquina.
The pharmacy is there, on the corner.
Ele mora lá em cima.
He lives up there.
Dica
"Sei lá!" (how would I know!) — "lá" as an emphatic/dismissive particle is uniquely Portuguese. "Que sei eu lá" = beats me.
Adverb of degree (invariable as adverb) / adjective (variable before noun)
As adverb before adjective or verb: invariable (muito bom, trabalho muito). As adjective before noun: agrees in gender and number (muita água, muitos livros, muitas pessoas).
É muito bom!
It's very good!
Tens muita sorte.
You're very lucky. (muita = much luck)
Trabalho muito.
I work a lot.
Dica
Rule: before adjective/adverb → muito (invariable). Before noun → muita/muitos/muitas. "Muito obrigado/a" — the obrigado/a agrees with the speaker, not with muito.
Adverb of frequency
Standard meaning: always/at all times. Colloquial PT meaning: "after all / still going to".
Ele sempre chega tarde.
He always arrives late.
Afinal vais sempre?
Are you still going after all?
Sempre o mesmo.
Always the same.
Dica
"Vais sempre?" (Are you going after all? / Are you still going?) is a uniquely European PT usage. Brazilians would not use "sempre" this way.
Adverb of frequency (negative)
Before the verb: no "não" needed. After the verb: "não" must appear. Portuguese allows — and requires — double negatives.
Nunca comi bacalhau.
I've never eaten cod.
Não fui lá nunca.
I've never been there.
Ela nunca se queixa.
She never complains.
Dica
Double negatives are standard: Não vi ninguém (I didn't see anyone — literally "didn't see nobody"). Portuguese negative concord is compulsory.
Additive adverb
Adds information. Typically placed after the verb or subject. Negative equivalent: "também não" (neither/not either).
Eu também gosto!
I like it too!
Ela fala inglês e também francês.
She speaks English and also French.
Eu também não gosto.
I don't like it either.
Dica
"Eu também não" = me neither / I don't either. "Também não" as a response to a negative statement is essential conversational glue.
Adverb / adjective
As adverb (invariable): only/just. As adjective (variable): alone/lonely. The accent on "só" distinguishes it from the conjunction "so" (archaic).
Só tenho cinco euros.
I only have five euros.
Estou só em casa.
I'm alone at home.
Só um momento, por favor.
Just a moment, please.
Dica
"Apenas" is a formal synonym for "only". In speech "só" is far more natural. "Só que" = it's just that / the only thing is: Quero ir, só que estou cansado.
Adverbs of manner
"Bem" = well (positive). "Mal" = badly/poorly. Both modify verbs. "Bem" also intensifies: bem bom (really good). "Mal" also means "hardly/barely".
Fala bem português.
She speaks Portuguese well.
Mal dormi esta noite.
I barely slept last night.
Está bem, obrigado.
I'm fine, thanks.
Dica
"Mal" + verb = barely/scarcely: mal cheguei (I had barely arrived). "Está bem" = OK/fine (agreement). "Não está bem" = it's not right/acceptable.
Quantificadores
Quantifiers — all, some, none…
Quantifiers express amount, totality, or absence. Most agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. They appear constantly in natural speech and are essential for expressing nuance.
Indefinite pronoun — neuter, invariable
Refers to all things in general (abstract/neuter). Never followed by a noun. Contrast with "todos/todas" which refers to specific countable people or things.
Comi tudo.
I ate everything.
Tudo bem?
Everything OK? / How's it going?
Tudo certo!
All good! / Sorted!
Dica
"Tudo bem?" is the classic casual greeting in Portugal. Response: "Tudo bem, obrigado/a." "Tudo" refers to things; "todos" refers to people/countable nouns.
Indefinite adjective/pronoun — agrees with noun: todos (m/mixed), todas (f)
Refers to entire groups of countable nouns. Before a noun: every/all. Standing alone: everyone/all of them.
Todos os dias vou ao ginásio.
Every day I go to the gym.
Todas as lojas estão fechadas.
All the shops are closed.
Todos foram embora.
Everyone left.
Dica
"Todos os dias" (every day) — the article "os" is required between "todos" and the noun. Cannot say "todos dias". This construction trips up most learners.
Indefinite pronoun — neuter, invariable
The opposite of "tudo". Before the verb it stands alone. After the verb, "não" must precede the verb too.
Nada me surpreende já.
Nothing surprises me anymore.
Não sei nada.
I don't know anything (nothing).
De nada!
You're welcome! (It's nothing!)
Dica
"De nada" = you're welcome (literally "of nothing"). "Por nada" is also used but "de nada" is more standard in Portugal.
Indefinite adjective/pronoun — nenhum (m), nenhuma (f)
Agrees with the noun in gender. Used with "não" before the verb (double negative required when "nenhum" follows the verb).
Não tenho nenhum problema.
I have no problem / I don't have any problem.
Nenhuma loja estava aberta.
No shop was open.
Não vi nenhum deles.
I didn't see any of them.
Dica
Double negative: Não comprei nenhum (I didn't buy any — literally "bought none"). The "não" before the verb is obligatory.
Indefinite adjective/pronoun — algum (m), alguma (f), alguns (m pl), algumas (f pl)
Expresses indefinite quantity. In questions and affirmatives: some/any. In negatives it shifts to "nenhum".
Tens algum problema?
Do you have any problem?
Algumas lojas já fecharam.
Some shops have already closed.
Algum dia vou visitar o Douro.
Someday I'll visit the Douro.
Dica
"Algum dia" (someday) and "de alguma forma" (somehow) are very common. In negative sentences, "algum" → "nenhum": Não tenho nenhum (not "não tenho algum").
Indefinite adjective/pronoun — outro (m), outra (f), outros (m pl), outras (f pl)
Unlike English, does NOT use an article before it: "outro" not "um outro" (though "um outro" is accepted for emphasis).
Quero outro café, por favor.
I want another coffee, please.
Os outros já chegaram.
The others have already arrived.
Tens outra opção?
Do you have another option?
Dica
"Outro" never takes the indefinite article in standard use: "outro café" not "um outro café". This is different from Spanish (otro) and French (un autre).
Adverb of degree / adjective of quantity
Comparisons (more/most), additional quantity (more/some more), or addition (plus). Invariable as an adverb.
Quero mais café.
I want more coffee.
Ele é o mais inteligente.
He is the most intelligent.
Dois mais dois são quatro.
Two plus two is four.
Dica
"Mais" vs "ainda": Quero mais (I want more — quantity) / Ainda quero (I still want — continuation). Also: "Mais ou menos" (more or less / so-so) — very common.
Adverb of degree / adjective of quantity
The opposite of "mais". Comparisons, quantity, and subtraction.
Tens de trabalhar menos.
You need to work less.
São dez menos um quarto.
It's a quarter to ten.
É o menos importante.
It's the least important.
Dica
Telling time: São dez menos um quarto (it's a quarter to ten). São dez e um quarto (it's a quarter past ten). "Menos" for subtracting hours.
Adjective/adverb of quantity — pouco (m), pouca (f), poucos (m pl), poucas (f pl)
Expresses small quantity. As adverb (before adjective/verb): invariable. As adjective (before noun): agrees in gender/number.
Tenho pouco tempo.
I have little time.
Poucas pessoas sabem disso.
Few people know about that.
Durmo pouco.
I sleep little.
Dica
"Um pouco" = a little (less than "pouco"). "Um pouco mais" = a little more. "Pouco a pouco" = little by little — a very Portuguese phrase.
Adverb / adjective (partially invariable)
As adverb: quite/rather (bastante bom = quite good). As adjective: enough/plenty of. More emphatic than "um pouco" but less than "muito".
Está bastante frio hoje.
It's quite cold today.
Tenho bastante trabalho.
I have quite a lot of work.
Já comi bastante, obrigado.
I've eaten enough, thank you.
Dica
"Bastante" sits between "um pouco" (a little) and "muito" (a lot). A very useful middle ground word for polite understatement.
Expressões Discursivas
Discourse markers & fillers
These small words give speech its natural rhythm and texture. They cannot be translated literally. Mastering them is what separates textbook Portuguese from the real thing spoken in Lisbon.
Discourse marker / response word
A distinctly European Portuguese response showing agreement or acknowledgement. Also continues a thought.
— Está frio hoje. — Pois, está!
"It's cold today." "Yes, indeed!"
Pois é, a vida é assim.
That's right, that's life.
Pois, como ia dizendo…
Right, as I was saying…
Dica
"Pois" is a giveaway that someone is from Portugal. Brazilians rarely use it. One single word and you already sound very PT.
Interjection / discourse marker
Introduces a statement, expresses mild impatience or surprise. Part of many fixed Portuguese expressions.
Ora bem, vamos começar.
Right then, let's begin.
Ora essa! Não pode ser!
Come on! That can't be!
Ora viva!
Hello there! / Well, hello!
Dica
"Ora viva!" is a warm informal greeting heard constantly in Portugal. "Ora bem" introduces a conclusion or next step.
Adjective / discourse marker
As adjective: ready/done. As filler: signals end of topic, acceptance, or mild exasperation.
Pronto, já acabei.
Done, I'm finished.
Pronto, se não queres, não queres.
Fine, if you don't want to, you don't.
O jantar está pronto.
Dinner is ready.
Dica
"Pronto" as a filler is hugely common — it wraps up thoughts and accepts situations. You will hear it dozens of times a day in Portugal.
Discourse marker
Summarises, changes topic, or expresses resignation or philosophical acceptance.
Enfim, o que importa é que chegaste.
Anyway, what matters is that you arrived.
Enfim… a vida continua.
Well… life goes on.
Falou muito mas, enfim, nada de novo.
He said a lot but, in short, nothing new.
Dica
"Enfim" often carries a resigned or philosophical tone — perfect for wrapping up a thought with a Portuguese shrug.
Adverb / adjective
As adverb: truly/really/even. As adjective: same/the very. One of the most overloaded words in Portuguese.
É mesmo bom!
It's really good!
Mesmo assim, continuo.
Even so, I continue.
É a mesma coisa.
It's the same thing.
Dica
"Mesmo" as intensifier is a European PT marker: É mesmo fixe! (It's really cool!). Brazilians use "muito" or "realmente" instead.
Discourse marker (colloquial)
The Portuguese equivalent of "like" as a filler in English youth speech. Also means "type/sort/kind" literally.
Foi tipo uma festa enorme.
It was like a massive party.
Ele é tipo simpático, mas…
He's like, nice, but…
Que tipo de música gostas?
What type of music do you like? (literal)
Dica
"Tipo" as a filler is informal speech (especially among younger people). In formal contexts stick to the literal meaning: tipo = type/kind.
Adverb of place / emphatic particle
Location (over there). Also an emphatic or dismissive particle unique to European Portuguese.
Ele mora lá.
He lives there.
Sei lá!
How would I know! / Beats me!
Lá está — era mesmo isso!
There you go — that was exactly it!
Dica
"Sei lá!" (literally "I know there") is extremely common colloquial PT for "I have no idea". "Que sei eu lá" = honestly, what do I know.
Discourse marker (fixed phrase)
The most common way to express possibility in spoken European Portuguese. More natural than "talvez" in conversation.
Se calhar vou amanhã.
Maybe I'll go tomorrow.
Se calhar tens razão.
Perhaps you're right.
Se calhar é melhor esperar.
It's probably better to wait.
Dica
"Se calhar" (literally "if it falls/lands") is quintessentially European Portuguese. Brazilians use "talvez" or "quem sabe". "Se calhar" is a strong PT marker.
Toca em qualquer palavra para ver exemplos e dicas de uso.