Learning CenterThe Portuguese Subjunctive — When and How to Use It (with Examples)
B1Grammar13 min read

The Portuguese Subjunctive — When and How to Use It (with Examples)

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PortuStories Editorial

2026-03-10

The European Portuguese subjunctive mood explained with examples — this guide covers everything you need to know about one of the most frequently used and most feared grammar structures in Portuguese. The subjunctive (called conjuntivo in European Portuguese, subjuntivo in Brazilian Portuguese) is a verbal mood — not a tense — that expresses doubt, desire, emotion, necessity, or unreality. Unlike English, where the subjunctive is rare and often ignored in speech, Portuguese uses it constantly in everyday conversation. Mastering it is essential for moving from A2 to B1 and beyond.

What Triggers the Subjunctive?

The subjunctive almost always appears in a subordinate clause introduced by que (that), after a main clause that expresses one of the following categories. The pattern is: [main clause with trigger expression] + que + [subjunctive clause].

Category Trigger expressions Example
Desire / hopequerer que, esperar que, desejar que"Espero que venhas." (I hope you come.)
Emotionestar contente que, ter pena que, lamentar que, ficar feliz que"Lamento que ele não possa vir."
Doubt / uncertaintyduvidar que, não crer que, talvez"Talvez esteja em casa." (Maybe he's home.)
Necessity / obligationé necessário que, é preciso que, importa que"É preciso que estudes mais."
Prohibition / permissionproibir que, permitir que, impedir que"O médico proibiu que fumasse."
Impersonal expressionsé possível que, é provável que, é importante que"É possível que chova amanhã."
Time clauses (future reference)quando, logo que, assim que, antes que"Quando chegar, telefona-me."
Concession / purposeembora, para que, ainda que, mesmo que"Embora chova, vamos sair."

Present Subjunctive Conjugation

Formation: take the first person singular of the present indicative (eu form), remove the -o, then add the subjunctive endings. For -ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -em. For -er and -ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -am.

Verb eu tu ele/ela nós eles/elas
falarfalefalesfalefalemosfalem
comercomacomascomacomamoscomam
partirpartapartaspartapartamospartam
sersejasejassejasejamossejam
estarestejaestejasestejaestejamosestejam
tertenhatenhastenhatenhamostenham
fazerfaçafaçasfaçafaçamosfaçam
irvásvamosvão
poderpossapossaspossapossamospossam

10 Example Sentences: Indicative vs Subjunctive

  • Indicative: "Ele vem amanhã." (He is coming tomorrow — stated as fact.) / Subjunctive: "Espero que ele venha amanhã." (I hope he comes tomorrow — desire.)
  • Indicative: "A Maria está em casa." (Maria is at home — fact.) / Subjunctive: "Talvez a Maria esteja em casa." (Maybe Maria is at home — doubt.)
  • "Quando chegares a Lisboa, liga-me." — When you arrive in Lisbon, call me. (Future subjunctive in time clause.)
  • "É necessário que todos os alunos façam o teste." — It is necessary for all students to take the test.
  • "Antes que partas, preciso de falar contigo." — Before you leave, I need to talk to you.
  • "Embora chova, vamos sair." — Even though it is raining, we are going out. (Embora always requires subjunctive.)
  • "Proíbo que saias esta noite." — I forbid you to go out tonight.
  • "Duvido que ele saiba a verdade." — I doubt that he knows the truth.
  • "Fico contente que estejas bem." — I am glad you are well.
  • "Para que possas estudar melhor, compra um dicionário." — So that you can study better, buy a dictionary.

The Personal Infinitive: A Portuguese-Only Alternative

European Portuguese has a unique alternative to some subjunctive constructions: the personal infinitive. This is an inflected infinitive that agrees with the subject in person. Its endings are: tu: -es, nós: -mos, eles: -em (1st and 3rd singular are unchanged).

When the subjects of the main clause and the subordinate clause are the same, or when clarity about the subject is needed, the personal infinitive is often used instead of the subjunctive, particularly after impersonal expressions with para:

  • "É importante estudares todos os dias." = It is important for you to study every day. (personal infinitive)
  • "É importante que estudes todos os dias." = same meaning (subjunctive)

Both are correct in EP. The personal infinitive is particularly common after para, ao, and sem when the subject needs to be made explicit.

EP vs BP: How Subjunctive Use Differs

EP speakers use the subjunctive more frequently than Brazilian Portuguese (PT-BR) speakers, and in more contexts. In EP, "Espero que venhas" is the only correct written form. In informal spoken Brazilian Portuguese (PT-BR), you may hear "Espero que você vem" — with the indicative — which is non-standard but common in casual speech. As an EP learner, always use the subjunctive after the triggers listed above. Do not be misled by informal Brazilian Portuguese you may have heard.

Common Mistakes

  • Forgetting subjunctive after talvez: "Talvez está" ✗ — must be "Talvez esteja" ✓. Talvez always requires subjunctive.
  • Using indicative in future time clauses: "Quando chego, ligo" ✗ — should be "Quando chegar, ligo" ✓. When referring to future events, time conjunctions (quando, assim que, logo que) require the future subjunctive in EP.
  • Forming subjunctive from the infinitive rather than the eu-form: the base is always the first person present indicative. fazer → eu faço → subjunctive: faça (NOT fazea).
  • Omitting que: "Espero venha" ✗ — needs "Espero que venha" ✓ in most constructions.

Practice: B1 conseguir storyB1 decidir storyB2 desenvolver story

Related: Understanding European Portuguese VerbsPortuguese Past Tense Guide