A1Nouns & Articles• read

Preposition + Article Contractions

The prepositions de, em, a and por join the definite article to make do, da, no, na, ao, à, pelo and pela. With the definite article this is obligatory, apart from one rule for infinitives. De and em also join um and uma (dum, num), the demonstratives (deste, naquele) and the pronouns ele and ela (dele, nela).

PS

PortuStories Editorial

European Portuguese Grammar Guide

Prep+ o+ a+ os+ as+ um+ uma
dedodadosdasdumduma
emnonanosnasnumnuma
aaoàaosàs——
porpelopelapelospelas——

Vou ao mercado da Ribeira.

I am going to the Ribeira market.

a + o = ao; de + a = da.

Está num café no centro da cidade.

He is in a café in the city centre.

em + um = num; em + o = no; de + a = da.

Fomos pelo parque.

We went through/by the park.

por + o = pelo.

With the definite article (o, a, os, as) the contraction is obligatory: do livro, never de o livro (the one exception is further down). With the indefinite article (um, uma) it depends. In Portugal em + um is almost always num, spoken and written. De + um is often written de um and said dum.

Recebi uma mensagem de um amigo.

I got a message from a friend.

In writing de um often stays apart. In speech it is usually dum amigo.

🇵🇹 European Portuguese

Trabalho num banco.

🇧🇷 Brazilian Portuguese

Trabalho em um banco.

Brazilian writing often keeps em um apart. In Portugal num and numa are the norm, spoken and written.

À, há and a

À, with a grave accent, is the preposition a plus the article a: vou à praia, I am going to the beach. Há, with an h, is the verb haver: there is, or ago. The two sound the same, which is why even native speakers mix them up in writing.

Fui à farmácia há uma hora.

I went to the pharmacy an hour ago.

à = a + a (to the); há = ago, from the verb haver.

🇵🇹 European Portuguese

Vamos à praia no domingo.

🇧🇷 Brazilian Portuguese

Vamos na praia no domingo.

With verbs of movement Portugal uses a: ir ao cinema, chegar à escola. Colloquial Brazilian ir na praia sounds wrong in Portugal.

With demonstratives and pronouns

De and em also join the demonstratives (este, esse, aquele, isto, isso, aquilo) and the pronouns ele, ela, eles and elas. A joins only aquele and aquilo, giving àquele and àquilo.

Prep+ este+ esse+ aquele+ isso+ ele+ ela
dedestedessedaqueledissodeledela
emnestenessenaquelenissonelenela
a——àquele———

O carro dele está naquela garagem.

His car is in that garage.

de + ele = dele; em + aquela = naquela. Dele and dela are how Portuguese says his and her when seu would be unclear.

When the article stays apart

When the article belongs to the subject of an infinitive, careful European Portuguese writing keeps the preposition and the article apart, because the article goes with the verb that follows, not with the preposition. In speech most people contract anyway.

Saímos antes de o filme acabar.

We left before the film ended.

O filme is the subject of acabar, so de and o stay apart in writing. You will hear antes do filme acabar.

Apesar de a casa ser pequena, é muito luminosa.

Although the house is small, it is very bright.

Same rule: a casa is the subject of ser.

💡

With o, a, os and as, always contract: do, na, ao, pela. Never write de o or em a, except before the subject of an infinitive (antes de o filme acabar).

From a PortuStories Story

Saímos do hotel às oito e fomos pelo parque até ao museu.

We left the hotel at eight and went through the park to the museum.

A1·Um Passeio por Lisboa

Stories to practise with

Practice this in context

Reinforce this grammar point with stories written specifically for European Portuguese learners.