Entre o Original e a Cópia
Uma perita de arte do Museu Nacional é chamada a distinguir um quadro autêntico de uma falsificação magistral — mas nem tudo é o que parece.
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Full Story — Portuguese with English Translation
Sofia Branco era a melhor perita de autenticação de arte de Portugal. Aos quarenta e seis anos, tinha trabalhado para os maiores museus europeus e os seus relatórios eram citados em tribunais de três países. A sua capacidade de distinguir um original de uma falsificação era quase lendária — dizia-se que bastava ver uma tela durante dois minutos para saber a verdade. Por isso, quando o director do Museu Nacional Soares dos Reis a chamou ao gabinete numa segunda-feira de manhã com a porta fechada, Sofia soube que algo grave se passava.
Sofia Branco was Portugal's finest art authentication expert. At forty-six, she had worked for the greatest European museums and her reports were cited in courts in three countries. Her ability to distinguish an original from a forgery was almost legendary — it was said she only needed to look at a canvas for two minutes to know the truth. So when the director of the Museu Nacional Soares dos Reis called her to his office on a Monday morning with the door closed, Sofia knew something serious was happening.
— Temos um problema com a Natureza Morta com Laranjas, de Josefa de Óbidos — disse o director, sem rodeios. — Uma perita externa levantou dúvidas sobre a autenticidade. Precisamos que distingua com certeza o original de uma possível falsificação antes que a imprensa saiba.
— We have a problem with the Still Life with Oranges by Josefa de Óbidos — said the director, without beating around the bush. — An external expert raised doubts about its authenticity. We need you to distinguish with certainty the original from a possible forgery before the press finds out.
Sofia examinou a tela durante três dias. Usou espectroscopia de infravermelhos, análise de pigmentos e radiografia de raios X. Mas o que mais a ajudava a distinguir o verdadeiro do falso era a intuição cultivada em décadas de trabalho: a forma como a tinta envelhecida se comporta sob luz rasante, a irregularidade imperceptível do traço de um pincel de seiscentos anos atrás. E algo estava errado. Não conseguia ainda distinguir exactamente o quê, mas havia uma perturbação subtil no quadro.
Sofia examined the canvas for three days. She used infrared spectroscopy, pigment analysis and X-ray radiography. But what most helped her to distinguish the real from the false was the intuition cultivated over decades of work: the way aged paint behaves under raking light, the imperceptible irregularity of a brushstroke from six hundred years ago. And something was wrong. She could not yet distinguish exactly what, but there was a subtle disturbance in the painting.
Na quarta noite, a trabalhar sozinha no laboratório após o fecho do museu, Sofia ouviu passos no corredor. Levantou os olhos da lupa e ficou quieta. Os passos pararam à porta e alguém tentou a fechadura. Sofia apagou a luz e esperou. Passados alguns minutos, os passos afastaram-se. Quando acendeu novamente, reparou que a janela de ventilação estava entreaberta de uma forma que não estava antes.
On the fourth night, working alone in the laboratory after the museum closed, Sofia heard footsteps in the corridor. She looked up from the magnifying glass and went still. The footsteps stopped at the door and someone tried the handle. Sofia switched off the light and waited. After a few minutes, the footsteps retreated. When she switched on the light again, she noticed that the ventilation window was slightly open in a way it had not been before.
Telefonou ao director nessa mesma noite.
She called the director that same night.
— Não consigo ainda distinguir com cem por cento de certeza — disse Sofia —, mas suspeito que a falsificação foi feita com materiais originais do século XVII. Isso é muito mais difícil de distinguir do que uma cópia moderna. Alguém sabia exactamente o que estava a fazer.
— I cannot yet distinguish with one hundred percent certainty — said Sofia —, but I suspect the forgery was made with original seventeenth-century materials. That is much more difficult to distinguish than a modern copy. Someone knew exactly what they were doing.
O director ficou em silêncio durante um momento.
The director was silent for a moment.
— Quanto tempo levaria a distinguir com certeza absoluta?
— How long would it take to distinguish with absolute certainty?
— Mais dois dias. Mas preciso de acesso ao arquivo de aquisições dos últimos trinta anos. Quero distinguir quem teve acesso a esta tela antes de entrar no museu.
— Two more days. But I need access to the acquisitions archive for the last thirty years. I want to distinguish who had access to this canvas before it entered the museum.
O arquivo revelou uma cadeia de custódia com uma lacuna de oito meses entre 1987 e 1988. A tela estivera num armazém privado enquanto as instalações do museu eram renovadas. Durante esse período, tinha sido transportada três vezes. Num dos transportes, a empresa responsável tinha subcontratado outra firma cuja licença Sofia não conseguia distinguir da de uma empresa que, descobriu depois, tinha sido constituída especificamente para esse trabalho e dissolvida seis meses depois.
The archive revealed a chain of custody with an eight-month gap between 1987 and 1988. The canvas had been in a private warehouse while the museum's facilities were being renovated. During that period, it had been transported three times. On one of the transports, the responsible company had subcontracted another firm whose licence Sofia could not distinguish from that of a company which, she discovered later, had been formed specifically for that job and dissolved six months afterwards.
No sexto dia, Sofia reuniu-se com o director e com o inspector da Polícia Judiciária que entretanto tinha sido chamado.
On the sixth day, Sofia met with the director and with the inspector from the Polícia Judiciária who had in the meantime been called in.
— Consigo agora distinguir com certeza — disse ela, depositando o relatório na mesa. — O quadro que está em exposição é uma falsificação excepcionalmente bem executada. O original foi substituído durante o transporte de 1988. A pessoa que o fez era uma especialista que sabia distinguir exactamente os pigmentos e técnicas que tornavam impossível a detecção por métodos convencionais. Só foi possível distingui-la através de uma microamostragem da camada de preparação.
— I can now distinguish with certainty — she said, placing the report on the table. — The painting on display is an exceptionally well-executed forgery. The original was replaced during the 1988 transport. The person who did it was a specialist who knew exactly how to distinguish the pigments and techniques that would make detection by conventional methods impossible. It was only possible to distinguish it through micro-sampling of the ground layer.
O inspector abriu o relatório e percorreu as páginas com atenção. Depois olhou para Sofia e disse:
The inspector opened the report and went through the pages attentively. Then he looked at Sofia and said:
— Sabe o que é mais perturbador nisto tudo? Que a cópia é tão boa que, durante trinta e seis anos, ninguém conseguiu distingui-la do original. Se não fosse o olho de Sofia Branco, ainda estaríamos a admirar uma mentira. — Fez uma pausa. — O que me leva a perguntar: a especialista que fez a falsificação... será que também a conhece, doutora Sofia?
— Do you know what is most disturbing about all of this? That the copy is so good that for thirty-six years, nobody was able to distinguish it from the original. Were it not for Sofia Branco's eye, we would still be admiring a lie. — He paused. — Which leads me to ask: the specialist who made the forgery... do you perhaps know her as well, Doctor Sofia?
Vocabulary Glossary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| distinguir | to distinguish / to tell apart |
| distingo | I distinguish (1st person singular present of distinguir) |
| distingue | distinguishes (3rd person singular present of distinguir) |
| distinguia | distinguished / used to distinguish (imperfect of distinguir) |
| distinguiram | distinguished (3rd plural preterite of distinguir) |
| distinguindo | distinguishing (gerund of distinguir) |
| distinguir com certeza | to distinguish with certainty |
| perita | expert (female) / specialist |
| autenticação | authentication / verification of authenticity |
| arte | art |
| museu | museum |
| museus | museums (plural) |
| relatório | report / written assessment |
| relatórios | reports (plural) |
| citado/citada | cited / referenced |
| tribunal | court of law |
| tribunais | courts (plural) |
| capacidade | ability / capacity |
| lendário/lendária | legendary |
| original | original (the authentic work) |
| falsificação | forgery / fake / falsification |
| tela | canvas / painting |
| director | director / head (of institution) |
| gabinete | office / private room |
| problema | problem |
| natureza morta | still life (painting genre) |
| autenticidade | authenticity |
| dúvida | doubt |
| dúvidas | doubts (plural) |
| levantar dúvidas | to raise doubts / to cast doubt |
| imprensa | press / media |
| sem rodeios | without beating around the bush / directly |
| examinar | to examine / to inspect |
| examinou | examined (3rd person singular preterite of examinar) |
| espectroscopia de infravermelhos | infrared spectroscopy |
| análise de pigmentos | pigment analysis |
| radiografia de raios X | X-ray radiography |
| intuição | intuition |
| cultivado/cultivada | cultivated / developed over time |
| tinta | paint / ink |
| envelhecido/envelhecida | aged / old |
| comportar-se | to behave / to act |
| luz rasante | raking light (angled light for art examination) |
| irregularidade | irregularity |
| imperceptível | imperceptible / barely noticeable |
| traço | stroke / line / mark |
| pincel | paintbrush |
| pincelada | brushstroke |
| perturbação | disturbance / unsettling element |
| subtil | subtle |
| sozinha | alone (feminine) |
| laboratório | laboratory |
| fecho | closing / close of day |
| passo | footstep / step |
| passos | footsteps (plural) |
| corredor | corridor / hallway |
| lupa | magnifying glass |
| levantar os olhos | to look up / to raise one's eyes |
| quieto/quieta | still / motionless / quiet |
| fechadura | door lock / door handle |
| apagar | to switch off / to turn off (a light) |
| apagou | switched off (3rd person singular preterite of apagar) |
| esperou | waited (3rd person singular preterite of esperar) |
| afastar-se | to move away / to retreat |
| afastaram-se | retreated / moved away (preterite of afastar-se) |
| acender | to switch on / to turn on (a light) |
| acendeu | switched on (3rd person singular preterite of acender) |
| reparar | to notice / to realise |
| reparou | noticed (3rd person singular preterite of reparar) |
| janela de ventilação | ventilation window |
| entreaberto/entreaberta | slightly open / ajar |
| suspeitar | to suspect |
| suspeito/suspeita | suspected / suspicious |
| material | material / substance |
| materiais | materials (plural) |
| século | century |
| cópia | copy / replica |
| moderna | modern |
| especialista | specialist / expert |
| técnica | technique |
| técnicas | techniques (plural) |
| detecção | detection |
| convencionais | conventional / standard |
| arquivo | archive / records |
| aquisição | acquisition (of an artwork) |
| aquisições | acquisitions (plural) |
| cadeia de custódia | chain of custody |
| lacuna | gap / missing period in records |
| armazém | warehouse / storage facility |
| privado/privada | private |
| instalações | facilities / premises |
| renovar | to renovate / to refurbish |
| renovadas | renovated (past participle fem. plural of renovar) |
| transportar | to transport / to move |
| transporte | transport / transfer |
| empresa | company / firm |
| responsável | responsible / in charge |
| subcontratar | to subcontract |
| subcontratou | subcontracted (preterite of subcontratar) |
| firma | firm / small company |
| licença | licence / permit |
| constituída | set up / established (past participle fem. of constituir) |
| constituir | to set up / to establish (a company) |
| dissolvida | dissolved / wound up (past participle fem.) |
| dissolver | to dissolve / to wind up (a company) |
| inspector | inspector / detective |
| Polícia Judiciária | Criminal Investigation Police (PJ) |
| entretanto | in the meantime / meanwhile |
| em exposição | on display / on show |
| excepcionalmente | exceptionally |
| executado/executada | executed / carried out |
| substituído/substituída | replaced / substituted |
| substituir | to replace / to substitute |
| microamostragem | micro-sampling |
| camada de preparação | ground layer / priming layer (in a painting) |
| percorrer | to go through / to look through carefully |
| percorreu | went through (3rd person singular preterite of percorrer) |
| atenção | attention / care |
| perturbador/perturbadora | disturbing / unsettling |
| admirar | to admire / to look at with admiration |
| mentira | lie / falsehood |
| pausa | pause |
| pigmento | pigment / colouring agent |
| pigmentos | pigments (plural) |
| depositar | to place / to set down |
| depositando | placing / setting down (gerund of depositar) |
| talvez | perhaps / maybe |
| conhecer | to know (a person) / to be acquainted with |
| doutora | Doctor (formal address for a woman with a doctorate) |
| a seguir | next / after that |
| mais de | more than |
| trinta e seis anos | thirty-six years |
| durante | during / for (a period of time) |
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